Native Land Claim in Canada

Table of Contents Introduction Historical basis of land claim in Canada Proposed solutions Nature of conflict Application of post colonial concepts Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Land is an essential part of life among all indigenous people (Simons et al., 77). It encompasses the entire use of territory including forests, rivers, mountains, water bodies among other natural resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native Land Claim in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The unique relationship that exists between the indigenous people and the land often makes their rights to land vital for their survival, cultural values and identity (Simons et al., 77). Consequently, colonization of indigenous territories affected the aboriginal people with most of the colonizers gaining ownership of their land which rendered them landless forcing them to lead nomadic lifestyles. The late 1960s marked the beginning of the modern era of law and policy pertaining to aboriginal rights and titles in Canada. In 1969, the white paper addressing Indian Policy was published (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). This paper proposed the repeal of Indian act and the demolishing of department of Indian affairs. The white paper further outlined that any unique rights possessed by aboriginal people had been submerged in the flow of history hence making such rights irrelevant. The white paper propositions were out rightly rejected by the native Indians, Inuit and Metis and this led to the suspension of the white paper implementation two years later. Following the resistance of the natives to the new regulations, the government of Canada embarked on vigorous reconsideration of the legal, political, and cultural aspects that governed the lives of Indians, Inuit and Metis. This significantly contributed to the definition and protection of the rights of aboriginal people in Canada. The country took various positive steps towards achievement of greater native control of policies and resources. Currently, land claims are adequately dealt with where the rights of the aboriginals are upheld (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). The process for land claims in Canada is relatively slow with hundreds of claims still pending. Negotiations often incorporate provincial and territorial governments and other third parties who aim at resolving the conflict arising between the two social groups. Negotiation process is formally based on legal concepts with issues of contention ranging from land titles to aboriginal rights.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The process aims at promoting social and economic equality in the modern Canada in addition to solving the social conflict of resources. The settlement often takes the form of cash compensation, return of ancestral lands or rights to self governments (Canadian Encyclopaed ia 1). Historical basis of land claim in Canada Under the Royal Proclamation of 1763, an unspecified track of land currently referred to as Canada was allocated for use to the aboriginal people- Indians, Inuit and Metis. The proclamation forbade unauthorized purchase and possession of the same land by non native settlers and foreigners (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). However, immigration by other people into the region led to establishment of treaties with some of the Indigenous people which legitimized settlement and ownership of the land by immigrants and colonizers. The countries gradual occupation by foreigners has continued for over four centuries making the indigenous occupants of the land to be the minority groups in the country. This has led to marginalization of the aboriginal people which has posed a threat to their culture as well as their existence. Possession of land by foreigners was facilitated by native people voluntarily giving up their rights of possession to immigrant s, native’s loss of control of the reserve lands, and lack of request for allocation of the reserves by the natives (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). The native people, most of who lead nomadic lifestyles have found themselves isolated to reserve regions with minimum access to resources that the foreigners enjoy. This has negatively impacted on the natives’ perception of themselves with the experience of being overrun by industrial growth, cities, and agriculture being substantially overwhelming. This has particularly impacted on those Mà ©tis, Indians, and Inuit who never signed the accords. Displaced and marginalized natives have increased their resistance against these forces which has led to the need for reforms in the country’s resource allocation strategies and the need to resolve the land claims. In response to the resulting marginalization, the native people sought to maintain their identity through aboriginal rights and native claims movements. These movemen ts became prominent in the 60s due to various reasons. The movements were highly influenced by increasing world wide concerns regarding the rights of minority groups across the world as well as environmental concerns (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). Concerns also arose among the native people regarding the imposed education system which threatened to erode the native language and culture and served to alienate young native people. The system further influenced the perception of the natives on white man’s political and legal regime by justifying it. These concerns led to the native resistance movements in Canada.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Native Land Claim in Canada specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Proposed solutions As early as 1876, the Canadian federal government established the Indian Act which created the department for of native affairs whose main aim was to ensure that the obligations signed in the treaty were adhered to (Planeswalker 1). The formulation of the White paper in 1968 which was aimed at getting rid of the Indian Act and other land treaties was thus met with a lot of criticisms with the aboriginal people responding in 1970 through the Red Paper (Planeswalker 1). This conflict led to increased need for the government to respond to the needs of aboriginal people. Due to constant opposition by the aboriginal people to any government strategies aimed at promoting the rights and freedom of the settlers, a provision was created which entrenched treaty rights to in the Canadian Charter of Rights and freedoms (Planeswalker 1). Consequently, numerous land claims continue to be filed particularly in British Columbia as well as the North West Territories. Most recently, the country has taken positive steps towards greater native control of policies and resources evidenced by the establishment of Statement of Claims of Indian and Inuit people in 1973 and the office of the Nat ive claims in 1974 where tribal claims are dealt with (Waldman 259). In the early 1970s, the Canadian federal government sought to elevate the social status of native Canadians through formulation of a new policy that aimed at settling the native land claims and promoting their livelihood (Canadian Encyclopaedia 1). This policy outlined the Canadian government’s commitment to the fulfilment of the terms of the treaties and to negotiate settlements with native groups. Implementation of the policy required a lot of cooperation between federal, provincial and territorial governments and the native leaders. In 1974, Canadian government established the office of Native Claims which under the leadership of deputy minister, lawyers and researchers dealt with both comprehensive and specific land claims brought forward by the natives (Waldman 259). Specific claims dealt with troubles and complications arising from the running of the Indian accord, Indian finances among others. The aut horities sought to reach a settlement through active negotiation, administrative remedy, or court action which often led to land compensation.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, comprehensive claims aimed at resolving the conflict emanating from the traditional use and occupancy of land by the three aboriginal groups’ members who failed to sign the treaties but had continued to occupy the land for years. These claims were compensated in monetary terms, return of land, provision of specific rights and some form of local government. These solutions promoted wealth redistribution and promotion of equality among the two social groups. Nature of conflict The conflict arising from native land claim is a representation of social conflict emanating from unequal distribution of resources. Land acquisition by foreigners provides an opportunity for foreigners to enrich themselves while denying the native people a chance to utilize land resources for the advancement of their own socio economic goals. This serves to heighten the social gap between the native and foreigners which often results in a feeling of oppression among the native people. As proposed by Karl Marx, the most dominant conflict in society results from unequal distribution of material resources with those in power using these resources to exploit the poor. The decentralized nature of the Canadian government further serves to complicate the conflict resolution process due to the presence of complex bureaucratic procedures in settlement processes. The negotiation process has been continuing for a period of over two decades with the system having to adjust to national and international changes in communications, economy, value systems and politics. The economically unstable and politically volatile environment serves to further intensify the tension between the natives and foreigners. The dynamic nature of society has considerably slowed down the land claim process and numerous unresolved land claims remain pending. Application of post colonial concepts Colonialism brought with it the marginalization of ethnic people which led to resistance against this domi nation through many forms of active and passive resistance (Young 4). Resistance movements led to the winning of independence from colonial rule and balance of power in most regions. Independence further led to shifts towards formal empires which in turn required additional labour which was fulfilled through immigration. Immigration led to a blurred division between West and the rest of the ethnic groups but the power within these regions remained fully oriented towards self governance. The experience of land dispossession and landlessness was facilitated by the settler colonialism and it is historically the most difficult form conflict to resolve in most regions (Young 49). The struggle for native title has been a major concern especially for native settlers in Canada which has resulted in vigorous movements and campaigns for basic land rights embodied in the original declaration. The fight for land repossession is therefore a post colonial struggle which deals with the aftermath o f one of the most controversial yet a key feature of colonial power. Varying techniques been used in attempt to resolve the ongoing conflict in the post colonial period some of which are outlined below. Post colonialism entails the notion that nationalities of the three non western continents are often in a situation for subordination to Europe and North America hence promoting economic inequality (Young 4). It consists of the reactions, extensive analysis and the cultural context of colonialism and incorporates theories borrowed from philosophy, political science, sociology, and religion among other areas of studies. The native people in Canada lost ownership of land due to their nomadic lifestyles which led to the declaration of that land as ‘empty’ by the Europeans. Scholars have argued that the idea of nomadism can be extended to include all forms of cultural and political activity that transgress the boundaries of contemporary social codes (Young 53). This can be e xplained by the fact that nomads move across territories consequently operating as lateral resistance across borders in an attempt to defy the hegemonic control. Hence, the indigenous settlers of Canada may use nomadism strategy to secure the native lands. Some scholars have suggested that the process of land confiscation and appropriation from those who formally owned it can only be achieved through the concepts of territorialization, deterritorialization or reterritorialization (Young 52). Deterritorialization may take the form of three distinct typologies which include negative deterritorialization; the element of deterritorialization is subjected to some form of retteritorialization which in turn obstructs the line of flight (Swearingen 161) In the second type, deterritorialization is positive but fails to connect with other lines of flight while the third type, deterritorialization is presented in its absolute form enhances its ability to connect with the lines of flight leadin g to creation of new territories (Swearingen 161). Reterritorialization refers to the violent approach of colonial and imperial propagation of economic, cultural, and social transformation. It refers to the varying forms of reconnection of a deterritorialized element in line with other assemblage. Resistance to deterritorialization through land claim movements would enhance the native land claim process (Young 52). In addition, the government may natives may engage in combinative negotiation with the state which involves repurchase of land which was appropriated to the white settlers during their settlement in respective colonies in the 19th century and which are currently being abandoned as virtually worthless due to reduced productivity. The land can then be apportioned back to the native settlers in a bid to settle the land claims. Conclusion The history of Canada has been characterized by numerous attempts by the native settlers to reclaim their land. According to the land claim s, the land which was originally possessed by the aboriginal people under the Royal proclamation was acquired by immigrants and colonialist consequently marginalizing and rendering the natives landless. The government have sought to settle these claims through treaties most of which have proven unsuccessful in the past, monetary compensation, return of land, provision of certain rights among other strategies. However, most of the native land claims remain unresolved with the negotiation process often resulting in futile outcomes. Failure to resolve the ongoing conflict has resulted to increased attention not only from national and international bodies, but also from scholars and researchers who suggest that the land claims can be resolved through application of post colonial concepts such as reterritorialization and deterritorialization, nomadism, and combinative negotiation. Deterritorialization refers to a process that alters a set of relations consequently resulting in higher lev els of actualization. In cultural context, the concept has been used to refer to removal of people from certain locations due to continuous weakening of their culture and status. Since deterritorialization is often followed by reterritorialization, it can be used to resolve the persistent land claims in Canada. Works Cited Canadian encyclopaedia. â€Å"Land claims.† Historica Dominion, 2011. Web. Planeswalker, Mishra. The evolution of aboriginal land claims and treaties in Canada, Helium Inc, 2010. Web. Simons, Robert. Malmgren, Rachael Small Garrick. Indigenous peoples and real estate valuation, NY: Springer, 2008. Swearingen, James. Extreme beauty: aesthetics, politics, and death, NY: Continuum International Publishing group, 2002. Waldman, Carl. Atlas of North American Indian. New York: InfoBase Publishing, 2007. Young, Robert. Post colonialism: a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. This essay on Native Land Claim in Canada was written and submitted by user Britney Jarvis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mexican-American War - Aftermath

Mexican-American War - Aftermath Previous Page | Contents Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo In 1847, with the conflict still raging, Secretary of State James Buchanan suggested that President James K. Polk send an emissary to Mexico to assist in bringing the war to a close. Agreeing, Polk chose Chief Clerk of the State Department Nicholas Trist and dispatched him south to join General Winfield Scotts army near Veracruz. Initially disliked by Scott, who resented Trists presence, the emissary soon earned the generals trust and the two became close friends. With the army driving inland towards Mexico City and the enemy in retreat, Trist received orders from Washington, DC to negotiate for the acquisition of California and New Mexico to the 32nd Parallel as well as Baja California. Following Scotts capture of Mexico City in September 1847, the Mexicans appointed three commissioners, Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, to meet with Trist to discuss peace terms. Commencing talks, Trists situation was complicated in October when he was recalled by Polk who was unhappy with the representatives  inability to conclude a treaty earlier. Believing that the president did not fully understand the situation in Mexico, Trist elected to ignore the recall order and wrote a 65-page response to Polk outlining his reasons for doing so. Continuing to meet with the Mexican delegation, final terms were agreed to in early 1848. The war officially ended on February 2, 1848, with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The treaty ceded to the United States the land that now comprises the states of California, Utah, and Nevada, as well as parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Colorado. In exchange for this land, the United States paid Mexico $15,000,000, less than half the amount offered by Washington prior to the conflict. Mexico also forfeited all rights to Texas and the border was permanently established at the Rio Grande. Trist also agreed that the United States would assume $3.25 million in debt owed by the Mexican government to American citizens as well as would work to curtail Apache and Comanche raids into northern Mexico. In an effort to avoid later conflicts, the treaty also stipulated that future disagreements between the two countries would be settled through compulsory arbitration. Sent north, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was delivered to the US Senate for ratification.   After extensive debate and some alterations, the Senate approved it on March 10.   In the course of the debate, an attempt to insert the Wilmot Proviso, which would have banned slavery in the newly-acquired territories, failed 38-15 along sectional lines.   The treaty received ratification from the Mexican government on May 19.   With Mexican acceptance of the treaty, American troops began departing the country. The American victory confirmed most citizens’ belief in Manifest Destiny and the nation’s expansion westward. In 1854, the United States concluded the Gadsden Purchase which added territory in Arizona and New Mexico and reconciled several border issues that had arisen from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Casualties Like most wars in the 19th century, more soldiers died from disease than from wounds received in battle. In the course of the war, 1,773 Americans were killed in action as opposed to 13,271 dead from sickness. A total of 4,152 were wounded in the conflict. Mexican casualty reports are incomplete, but it estimated that approximately 25,000 were killed or wounded between 1846-1848. Legacy of the War The Mexican War in many ways may be directly connected to the Civil War. Arguments over the expansion of slavery into the newly acquired lands further heightened sectional tensions and forced new states to be added through compromise. In addition, the battlefields of Mexico served as a practical learning ground for those officers who would play prominent roles in the upcoming conflict. Leaders such as Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Braxton Bragg, Thomas â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson, George McClellan, Ambrose Burnside, George G. Meade, and James Longstreet all saw service with either Taylor or Scott’s armies. The experiences these leaders gained in Mexico helped to shape their decisions in the Civil War. Previous Page | Contents

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Report - Essay Example also proposed 11 key proposals for new reporting models for businesses including the development and implementation of balanced scorecard and other important strategic alternatives. More recent debates on the changes in the financial reporting standards focus on the need to address the non-financial aspects of the business reporting. (Tayyebi, 2008). Thus this new monograph was also focused on the development of new reporting models for businesses which can address the forward looking information regarding the businesses and their viability. Corporate social responsibility standards as well as the reporting on intangibles were some of the themes which emerged in the new efforts made to revamp the accounting reporting standards. The current economic situation however, has relatively changed the way business is being done in the world. There emerged different themes which need to be addressed and integrated in order to make the monograph more pertinent to the current business environment. This paper will therefore provide follow up on this monograph and discuss as to what could be done about the current issues. New Reporting Models for Business was an effort to propose an alternative view on the way businesses use to report their overall affairs to the shareholders. The main aim of financial reporting is always to allow the shareholders to make sound judgment based on information provided in the financial statements of the business. What is however, significant to note that after the issuance of this monograph, new developments took place and world economy started to slide into decline. Old models of doing business almost failed to provide the results and as such the emphasis shifted on the need for having better and more comprehensive financial reporting standards which can help the shareholders and regulators to keep a check on the future viability of the businesses. What is critical about this monograph is the fact that it emphasized on the need for adapting

E-Learning in Pharmaceutical Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

E-Learning in Pharmaceutical Industry - Essay Example There are three major forms of e-learning, which include computer-based learning, internet-based learning, and virtual learning environments. In this paper, we will discuss the role of virtual learning environments in enhancing pharmaceutical students’ knowledge. A slight overview of the effectiveness of web-based learning will also be included in the paper. In the present world, online learning is getting more and more famous because it is proving very beneficial for the students. "E-learning with its more active and interesting opportunities is gradually replacing the traditional form of teaching† (Roy). It not only helps pharmaceutical students manage their study schedule in accordance with other commitments of life but also provides a good overview of the market, which they need to serve. â€Å"E-learning is one way of helping to change the sales force’s perception of the market† (â€Å"E-Learning†). The pharmaceutical industry of any specific co untry has a well-established practice of providing effective training to the pharmaceutical students, medical representatives, and pharmacists. However, trainers related to this field cannot provide regular attention to every sales person properly in the field. â€Å"Much more personal support can be provided with a well structured e-learning programme as long as there is an effective tracking system in place† (â€Å"E-Learning†). Distinguishing Features of Online Learning Environment â€Å"E-learning is undoubtedly a more flexible way of learning† (Roy). Online learning environments provide an interactive way of learning to the students in which teachers and students can interact with each other without physical presence. Online quizzes, assignments, and threaded discussion boards are some of those features, which distinguish online learning environments from traditional learning environments. Discussion boards not only enable communication between students and teachers but also provide a way to the students to interact with other students enrolled in the course. Some online institutes make use of graded discussion boards to measure knowledge of the students. In graded discussion boards, teachers ask the students to write short paragraphs on the topics provided by them. Students need to have awareness of the ways to use internet and other modes of communication not only to participate properly in general and graded discussion boards but also to complete their quizzes and assignments within time. Ways to be Successful in Online Learning Environments â€Å"Although the online education is a popular option among the students, not all students suit the education style in online setting† (Harvard). The reason is that some students do not know the basics of learning in such environments. Some students do not have the required skills whereas some students do not have proper facilities to study in such environments. To be successful in onl ine learning environments, students need to possess some key skills and abilities. There exist a number of strategies for the students to do well in online learning environments. Some of the main techniques include development of proper study schedule, written communication skills, and web navigation skills. All of these skills play a very important role in making students adapted to the online learning environments. Let us discuss these skills in some detail in order to know how these skills can help students of pharmacy learn

Intrusion Detection System Case Study

Intrusion Detection System Case Study Abstract Intrusion Detection system (IDS) has become powerful to provide security against the attack. It will help us to identify the deterring and deflecting malicious attacks over the network [1]. To remove all these problem regarding to security has been removed by this paper. In this paper we will go through the theoretical basis for intrusion detection. A distributed intrusion detection system based on agents and on multi agents based distributed intrusion detection also discussed in this paper. Some string matching algorithm are also used for the intrusion detection system. Keywords Distributed Intrusion Detection System; Agents; Multi Agents. 1. Introduction In the introduction of this paper, we are concerning the string matching algorithm in intrusion detection algorithm. In further we will see how to use the algorithm in IDS. String matching algorithm provides the solution to the problem of Intrusion detection. This algorithm will help us to detect the suspicious attack. Bad Character Heuristics The bad character heuristics [2] is very similar to the Boyer Moore string algorithm before. In this algorithm the string is divided into n number of character. Then the message is to be checked to remove the malicious attacks. In this algorithm it will check the first character of a string which is to be entered in a message. If that string is to be considered wrong that means there is some attack and the whole message is not to be considered whether it is right. The problem regarding to this is that it can easily hide the default part in the strings. Aho-Corasick:-Aho-corasick Algorithm is also used to remove the limitation of pervious algorithm. In this algorithm Aho-Corasick [2] make a algorithm as a tree structure. In this there is current node such as a message which to be checked, then if there is a matching node found in the testing than for that other node is to be made. Then after that if any other current node is being tested and if any problem is matched to the present node then the other string is to be tested. SFK Search In SFK search algorithm [2] in this there is a sibling node or the text cases are being present in the form of sibling. So that the current node is being tested by the sibling node ,then at that point the detection is being found ,then it will be added to the sibling node. Otherwise the next node will be tested. By using this algorithm we can find an efficient result. Wu-Manber This algorithm was developed by Wu-Manber [2] in this the limitation of bad character heuristics algorithm is being removed. In this algorithm the shift and hash two table are made to make the detection easy. In this there is character set in the shift table then it will be c be checked in the first table if the defect is found then it is move to the second table. 2. Problem in String Matching Algorithm Some problems are discussed here:- Snort:-Snort uses a set of rules that being derived by a attacks or other defects [2]. The rules are being made by the expert .If the condition is being satisfied then the action is being applied. Snort is a best practices and knowledge of the internet. Snort is a method through which some problem can be removed. In snort there is problem that the use of internet increases, then the definition of snort also increases. In this the use of snort increases so that the database also being very loaded so that there is a complexity in the data base. Due to this the speed of the snort database will decreases. 3. Agent Based Intrusion Detection System To use agent in the intrusion detection system there are some problem which we discussed here:- a) Real time of the intrusion detection and response is not so good [3]. b) If we make the centralized database and all the collective information is sent to that host then there should be overloading [3]. C) If some new hosts are added in the centralized database then the load increases [3]. d) Flexibility of system is not so good. e) Lack of co-operation between different intrusion detection system. To remove this problem there is agent based intrusion detection system used. 1. Agent-Agent is a self-adaptable. Intelligent and collaborative. In this the one is agent interact with the other agent. There are two type of agent: (a)Static agent:-static agent is proposed by the agent technology. In this which platform is being made it is being final, no changes should be made [3]. (b)Mobile agent:- It is capable to move from one node to another network [3] . 3.Working of Distributed Intrusion Detection Based On Agent:- Some merits of agent technology in this paper we will discussed the distributed intrusion detection based on agents [3] . Some parts are: Manage agent, Host Agent, Net Agent .Manage Agent include Mobile Agent Dispatcher (MAD), Learn Agent, Update Agent. -Static Agents are Net Agent and Learn Agent. -Mobile Agents are Manage Agent and Update Agent. In this the data will first checked by the Host Agent and Net Agent. They will detect the suspicious activity found in the data. Then it will send to the manage agent it will check the list in Mobile Agent Dispatcher which attack the host list and the Manage agent move to all the agent to find the similar attack. If mobile agent and and other agent found the threat then it will sent and inform to the Learn Agent which have the learning ability and Learning agent will update to the VHL. So the database is update and checks the other threat. Figure 1, Architecture of Distributed IDS Based on Agents [3]. 4. Distributed Intrusion Detection System On multi-agent In Distributed intrusion detection system only one agent is used to detect the suspicious attack. But the multi-agent it will helpful to find the suspicious attack [4]. (a)Problem:-Some problems are in multi-agent Distributed Intrusion Detection System [4] :- 1) Intrusion Detection cant test entire packet. 2) Signature Database update is not be done timely. 3) It is a single detection. 4) IT cannot interoperate the Intrusion Detection. 5) Intrusion Detection System and other network security cannot be interoperating. (b) Advantages:-some advantages are of Multi-agent are: 1. Intrusion Detection System based on multi-agent technology has a good independent, flexible, scalability [4]. 2. It will use top-down control mechanism which will work to prevent the damage [4]. 3. Each agent can inspect the system to ensure its safety. If it will lose the function, it will send its first message to the upper and then upper will restore the work[4]. 4. Agent analysis application software to protect a number of applications. Use the integrity analysis technology to make detection accurate [4]. (C) Working:- In this Multi-agent based IDS can monitor a analysis network and provide the accurate detection with improve speed. In this there is data collection agent which is configured according to network rate, data encryption etc, parameters. There is a data analysis agent which is based on expert system, state analysis and attacking tree analysis, data analysis agent can achieve high detection rate. There is communication agent which is the main part of multi-agent based IDS.IT must be configured to provide reliable security mechanism. There is a also a center agent which handle those condition that are not handled by analysis agent [4]. 5. Conclusion We have study the most common used String Matching Algorithm that are Bad Character heuristics, Aho-corasick, SFK search, WU-manber and also study the Intrusion detection in distributed computing that are based on agent and multi-agents. We have found that multi-agent based intrusion detection system can improve detection accuracy and detection speed and enhance the systems on security. We also found that Distributed Intrusion Detection Based on Agents and Multi Agents is the Reliable and more efficient than other IDS available Today. In future it also has scope for networks. 6. References Zhuowei Li , Theoretical Basis for Intrusion Detection , Amitabha Das, Jianying Zhou ,Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE workshop on Information Assurance and Security US Military Academy, west Point ,NY. Nathan Tuck, Deterministic Memory-Efficient Matching Algorithms for Intrusion Detection , Timothy Sherwood, Brad Calder , George Varghese, IEEE INFOCOM 2004. Jianxiao Liu , A Distributed Intrusion Detection System Based on Agents , Lijuan Li , IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application, 2008. Weijian Huang , A Multi-Agent-Based Distributed Intrusion Detection System, Yan An, Wei Du , 3 rd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (ICATE) 2010.

Determining gravity with a pendulum Essay

Gravity is a force that acts on Earth every day. Sir Isaac Newton was first to underline the principles of gravity when an apple fell on his head (Ashbacher 2002). He stated that each particle with a mass attracts all other particles with mass with a gravitational force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to their distance of separation squared (Ashbacher 2002). This is due to that gravity acts between objects (Ashbacher 2002), consequently causing a force of attraction which pulls the two object together, such as that an object with a mass will fall down towards earth ground. The Earth’s mass creates a gravitational force, which pulls the object down towards Earth. This theory is also supported by Newton’s three law of motions, particularly the first law stating that, ‘an object in motion or at rest will remain in motion or at rest unless acted upon by an external fore‘. An object will remain at rest floating in the air, however since an external force, gravity, acts upon it, the object falls towards Earth. Theoretically, the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9. 8ms-2, however it can also be determined through the use of the equation; T = 2? Where; T = time it took for the pendulum to cycle (s) L = distance between pivot point and center of the pendulum (m) g = value of acceleration due to gravity (ms-2) In order to determine the acceleration due to gravity, the equation were to be arranged to g = Equipment   Scissors Pendulum (approx 300g)   Whiteboard Diagram HangerWhiteboard Texture   Whiteboard Texture Holder   Sticky Tape 2m String * Stop Watch Method 1. Set up the pivot point location on the whiteboard as shown in the diagram 1. 1 in appendix 1 by using the sticky tape to tape the whiteboard diagram hanger onto the magnetic whiteboard marker holder. 1. Sticky tape the marker holder 1. 5m high, while making sure that the magnetic texture holder is immovable and secured. 1. Using the measuring tape; measure out 90cm on the 2m string then using the scissors cut the string, while making sure that the string is cut above 90cm as some measurements are required for the purpose of tying. 1. Tie one end of the strong string onto the center of the pendulum and the other end of the string onto the pivot point (end of the whiteboard diagram hanger), while making sure that the actual length from the pivot point to the center of the pendulum is 90cm. 1. Using the whiteboard marker and ruler, rule a line directly from the pivot point to the center of the pendulum (NOTE: the length of the line should be 90cm) on the whiteboard. 1. Rule a 7. 9cm line horizontal to the left from the point where the center of the pendulum is located. 1. Using the ruler and whiteboard marker, join the pivot point to the end of the 5cm horizontal line. 1. Slowing lift the pendulum to the recent ruled line, while making sure that the string connecting to the pendulum and pivot point remains straight. 1. Release the pendulum slowly. 1. Allow the pendulum to swing for two cycles then using the stopwatch start the timer. 1. Stop the timer when the pendulum reaches ten cycles, excluding the first two cycles. This gives the it time it took to cycle 10 times. 1. Repeat steps 8-11 three more times. 1. Repeat steps 3-12 but using a 60cm string with a 5. 2cm horizontal line to the left from the point where the center of the pendulum is located and 30cm string with a 2. 6cm horizontal line to the left from the point where the center of the pendulum is located. Results The Time it Took for a Pendulum to Swing and Cycle Ten Times Trials Length of Pendulum (m) 1 2 3 Average 0. 30 10. 9 11. 3 10. 2 10. 8 0. 60 15. 8 15. 7 15. 7 15. 7 0. 90 19. 1 19. 0 18. 9 19. 0 Resolution Ruler – 0. 1cm Stop Watch – 0. 01s Calculations Calculating the gravitational acceleration T = 2? T = 2? g = Calculating Gravitational Acceleration for 0. 30m 10. 8s per 10 pendulum swing cycle = 1. 08s per pendulum swing cycle L = 0. 30m and T = 1. 08s g = g = 10. 2ms-2 Calculating Gravitational Acceleration for 0. 60m 15. 7s per 10 pendulum swing cycle = 1. 57s per pendulum swing cycle L = 0. 60m and T = 1. 08s g = g = 9. 6ms-2 Calculating Gravitational Acceleration for 0. 90m 19. 0s per 10 pendulum swing cycle = 1. 90s per pendulum swing cycle L = 0. 90m and T = 1. 90s g = g = 9. 8ms-2 Calculating Uncertainties for the gravitational acceleration 0. 30m Pendulum Since T = 10. 8 and L = 0. 30, the uncertainty for T = 10. 8s  ± 0. 05s and L = 0. 30m  ± 0. 05m Highest value for the gravitation acceleration using 0. 30m pendulum is; L = 0. 30m + 0. 05m = 0. 35m T = 10. 8s – 0. 05 =10. 75s per 10 cycles g = where L = 0. 35 and T = 1. 075s per cycle g = g = 11. 9ms-2 Lowest value for the gravitation acceleration using 0. 30m pendulum is; L = 0. 30m – 0. 05m = 0. 25m T = 10. 8s + 0. 05 =10. 85s per 10 cycles g = where L = 0. 25 and T = 1. 085s per cycle g = g = 8. 4ms-2 0. 60m Pendulum Since T = 15. 7 and L = 0. 60, the uncertainty for T = 15. 7s  ± 0. 05s and L = 0. 6m  ± 0. 05m Highest value for the gravitation acceleration using 0. 60m pendulum is; L = 0. 60m + 0. 05m = 0. 65m T = 15. 7s – 0. 05 =15. 65s per 10 cycles g = where L = 0. 65 and T = 1. 565s per cycle g = g = 10. 5ms-2 Lowest value for the gravitation acceleration using 0. 60m pendulum is; L = 0. 60m – 0. 05m = 0. 55m T = 15. 7s + 0. 05 =15. 75s per 10 cycles g = where L = 0. 25 and T = 1. 575s per cycle g = g = 8. 8ms-2 0. 90m Pendulum Since T = 19. 0 and L = 0. 9, the uncertainty for T = 19. 0s  ± 0. 05s and L = 0. 90m  ± 0. 05m Highest value for the gravitation acceleration using 0. 90m pendulum is; L = 0. 90m + 0. 05m = 0. 95m T = 19. 0s – 0. 05 =18. 95s per 10 cycles g = where L = 0. 95 and T = 1. 895s per cycle g = g = 10. 4ms-2 Lowest value for the gravitation acceleration using 0. 90m pendulum is; L = 0. 90m – 0. 05m = 0. 85m T = 19. 0s + 0. 05 =19. 05s per 10 cycles g = where L = 0. 85 and T = 1. 905s per cycle g = g = 8. 2ms-2 Discussion Theoretically the acceleration due to gravitation on earth is 9. 8ms-2. From results, it is shown that when a 0. 30m and 0. 60m pendulum was used, its gravitational pull is calculated to be 10. 2ms-2 and 9. 6ms-2. Consequently there is a percentage error of 4% and 2% respectively. Since the percentage error is less than 10%, the values are considered acceptable, however when the 0. 90m pendulum was used, its gravitational pull was 9. 8ms-2, which is the same value as the value of the theoretical acceleration due to gravitation on Earth. Within the experiment, the amplitude of the displacement is kept under 7 ° at 5 °for all pendulum measurements. Due to this the motion of the pendulum is closely related to the simple harmonic motion (Houston 2012), hence the restoring force of when the object swings back to the original position is directly proportional to the displacement of 5 °. Due to this the pendulum will continue to swing back to the original launch position (Houston 2012), however factors that affects it are the length of the pendulum and the acceleration due to gravity. This controlled factor increases the reliability and accuracy of the results as if the displacement is above 7 ° then when the pendulum swings, there would be no restoring force, hence there would be less of a chance for the pendulum to return to the original position, and this will affect the cycle time. Nevertheless, uncertainties were calculated for all measurements of the pendulum. For the 0. 30m pendulum, it was calculated from the results that the lowest uncertainty for the acceleration due to gravitation is 8. 4ms-2 and highest is 11. 9ms-2. The acceleration due to gravitation from using the time from the three trials is within the range of 8. 4ms-2 and 11. 9ms-2. This is also the same for the 0. 6m pendulum where its highest acceleration is 10. 5ms-2 and lowest is 8. 8ms-2, and 0. 9m where its highest acceleration is 10. 4ms-2 and lowest is 8. 2ms-2. Though there were some errors presented as the acceleration from the 0. 30m pendulum and 0. 60m pendulum did not correspond with Earth’s actual gravitational acceleration. One of the errors is believed to be parallax error, which is caused by the difficulty to determine exactly when the pendulum returned to the original launch position after a full oscillation. This error could have either increased or reduced the time recorded for the pendulum to oscillate. Thus, by increasing or decreasing the time, it affected the calculation for the acceleration due to gravity for each individual and average measurement. To improve the experiment, a longer pendulum is to be used. This lessens the chance of parallax error; hence the oscillation time recorded and lessens the chance of random error, which also increases the precision of the data. A longer pendulum would cause the time it takes for a pendulum to cycle to be longer as time is proportional to the square root of length. A longer cycle makes it less difficult to record exactly when the pendulum return to its original launch position Conclusion The acceleration due to gravitation was determined to be 10. 2ms-2, 9. 6ms-2 and 9. 8ms-2 for the pendulum measurements of 0. 30m, 0. 60m and 0. 90m. This shows that the aim f the experiment was achieved through the conduction of the experiment. Though, the theoretical acceleration due to gravitation on Earth is determined to be 9. 8ms-2, in which it was found that by using the 0. 90m, the exact value could be calculated. However there were some errors involved such as the parallax error, but within all trials, the acceleration due to gravity of each individual was within the highest and lowest uncertainty range. An improvement was suggested in regards to the errors and that was to use a longer pendulum to reduce the pendulum cycle time. Overall the experiment was followed according to the method, and the result obtained had a percentage error less than 10%, hence the results are considered acceptable. References Ashbacher, C 2002, ‘Sir Isaac Newton: The Gravity of Genius’, Mathematics & Computer Education, vol.36, no. 3, pp. 302-310, viewed 5 September, via Education Research Complete Houston, K 2012, ‘The Simple Pendulum’, College Physics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-4, viewed 5 September, Appendix Diagram 1. 1 Experiment Set Up Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Forces and Motion section. 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Critically discuss Michel Foucault’s concept of knowledge/power

In â€Å"The Order of Things† (1973) Michel Foucault describes an episteme as the combination of institutions, discourses, knowledges and practices that organise the way we do things, making some actions acceptable and others unthinkable. He also says these processes of organisation in society are generally invisible. Critically discuss Michel Foucault's concept of knowledge/power with reference to Arthur Miller's film â€Å"The Crucible. † Michel Foucault's is a theorist who demonstrates a modernist way of thinking. Based on one of David Morley's definitions of the postmodern phenomenon being â€Å"a form of cultural sensibility and a mode of thought, particularly appropriate to analyzing the period† (Morley: 1996, p. 50), Foucault could be considered a postmodernist and a poststructuralist. However, some may consider his earlier works, like The Order of Things, to be structuralist as it may have possibly reflected a lack of distinction at the time it was written and received. Rather than narrating the nature of reality, Foucault intended to give descriptions of a variety of structures of knowledge also referred to as episteme. Arthur Miller's film â€Å"The Crucible† explores issues that are parallel to Foucault's thoughts of power and knowledge, however, Miller uses actual historical events as the background for his modernist ideas. The concept of knowledge and power explored in Foucault's text The Order of Things can be critically analysed with reference to more contemporary work of Arthur Miller, allowing one to draw distinctions between Foucault's theories and the concepts of collective evil, personal conscience, guilt, love and redemption explored in the film. In The Order of Things, Foucault can give up the philosophy of the subject without depending on ideas from social issues in society, which, according to his own analysis, are confined the modern form of knowledge. Foucault had studied the form of knowledge that appears with the claim of rescuing the intelligible from everything empirical, accidental, and particular, and that becomes especially suitable as medium of power in particular on account of this â€Å"pretended separation of validity from genesis† (Kelly: 1995, p. 82). This lack of empiricism in Foucault's thoughts reflects a modernist way of thinking. The article â€Å"Conclusion: Speaking as Deputy Sheriff† by Osborne and Lewis, has evidence of a similar modernist approach to thinking and lack of empirical theories. It is less focused on the idea that what ever is true should be measured; instead it makes statements and develops an analysis based on sciences or theory. An example is when it suggests that â€Å"a more historically aware approach to thinking about communication in Australia would be a useful place to start† (Lewis & Osborne: 2001, p212). This modernist approach to thinking about knowledge determines â€Å"the ensemble of rules according to which the true and the false are separated and specific effects of power attached to the true† (Kelly: 1995, p. 82). At the beginning of The Order of Things, Foucault claims for a will that consists of truth for all times and all societies: â€Å"Every society has its regime of truth, its ‘general politics' of truth: that is, the types of discourse which it accepts and makes it function as true. † This ideology is reflected in Arthur Miller's film â€Å"The Crucible† which is set in a small town, Salem. The entire village becomes consumed by certain beliefs and certain truths which include their indisputable faith in God and the existence of witches, witch craft and the devil. The Order of Things is the story of the â€Å"return of language† which explains the fundamental position of literature in our culture. Ours is a period in which language is taken to be at the source of all thought, and this is what highlights the importance of modernist writing. Language is â€Å"the strict unfolding of Western culture in accordance with the necessity it imposed upon itself at the beginning of the nineteenth century† (Rajchman: 1985, p. 3). The significance of language is also reflected in ‘The Crucible' when John Proctor refuses to sign a false confession, claiming â€Å"you can not take away my name†. He believed this would have happened by signing the confession onto paper, epitomising the impact that language has when printed on paper. In The Order of Things, Foucault paints a picture of modernist culture in which there is no character of man and science is no longer independent or universal. All scientific, aesthetic, and moral problems are reduced to problems of language, and languages have no warrant or foundation beyond themselves. Rajchman states that â€Å"Language becomes the limits of our being. It is only in transgressive writing that these limits are transcended; writers are the heroes of our age. This is a picture of what I call ‘post-Enlightenment literary culture. ‘† Many literary modernists, including Rajchman and Foucault, tell the story of how language had returned as the fundamental problem of our period, and our literacy culture which thus â€Å"finds itself† to be telling its own history. Foucault claims that â€Å"literature in our day†¦ s a phenomenon whose necessity has its roots in a vast configuration in which the whole structure of our thought and our knowledge is traced† (Rajchman: 1985, p. 25). In The Order of Things, it is clear that Foucault is hostile to the culture that reifies Man, and urges the reader to embrace the post-humanist age he foresees. Foucault rejects the traditional (Enlightenment) idea of progress and science, instead he constructs his history of knowledge with a lack of connection, and his literary history contains a hidden teleology giving way to immediate links to â€Å"The Crucible†. Stuart Hall and Bram Gieben describe the Enlightenment idea of progress as â€Å"the idea that the natural and social condition of human beings could be improved, by the application of science and reason† (Hall & Gieben: 1992, p. 22). â€Å". Both Miller and Foucault are modernist thinkers as they reject this Enlightenment concepts of progress, for example, the film â€Å"The Crucible† does not end with an improved social condition and happiness instead it comes to an abrupt end by the death of a central character and hero. In The Order of Things we find an attempt to â€Å"de-anthropologise† the concept of freedom. In â€Å"The Crucible†, John Proctor found freedom in the form of death. By not giving up his name in the confession he was condemned to be hung. However, his knowledge of what the real truth was allowed him to be free in his own sense of the word. This relates to Foucault's idea of power that he describes as â€Å"a way in which certain actions modify others† (O'Farrell: 1989, p. 119). But because of the freedom of the acting subjects, no matter what violence or seduction actions that make up power choose to exercise, the object of power can ultimately escape and refuse power even if only through death. This idea was taken from Foucault who said â€Å"the exercise of power may produce as much acceptance as may be wished for: it can pile up the dead and shelter itself behind whatever threats it can imagine. In itself the exercise of power is not violence; nor is it a consent which implicitly is renewable† (Foucault: 1977, p. 228). O'Farrell and Foucault's ideas are epitomized in the film ‘The Crucible', when John Proctor refused to sign the confession or in this case refused power, he was set free even if it were to be through death. These power relationships were then abolished once the subject was freed and hence there was no possible point of reversal hence the film was forced to an abrupt end. Foucault also believes there is no suspicion that our language, our work, and our bodies might determine the description of our actions and our world in ways we do not realise and can't change. However, there are many reasons why this theory should be questioned, an example existing in the film â€Å"The Crucible†. The young girls who were accused of witchery manifested power over their bodies and their language in order to convince the courts and an entire village of the existence of ‘their world' and the fact they could see the devil. All this was done in a quest to cover up their actions that was dancing naked around a fire in the forest. This idea creates a contradiction to Foucault's theory. However, Foucault also says that our problem becomes â€Å"not the possibility of knowledge but the possibility of a primary misunderstanding† (Rajchman: 1985, p. 13) which indeed was true in the case of the young girls of the film. In The Order Of Things, Foucault challenges new intellectual writings in regard to the change in utopian thought. In the classical period, utopia was the dream of an ideal beginning in which everything would perfectly fit into Tables of Representation. In Foucault's argument he states that â€Å"The great dream of an end of History is the utopia of casual systems of thought just as the dream of the world's beginnings was the utopia of the classifying systems of thoughts. In â€Å"The Crucible† the idea of witch craft challenges this world of utopia and one can question who has the authority to classify utopia, Miller or Foucault? Foucault's ideas challenge many of the ideas that run through â€Å"The Crucible† as he wishes not only to â€Å"de anthropologise† any nineteenth century utopian imaginations, dissociate our hopes of ever realising meaning and separate our freedom from philosophical theories about our nature. Much of Foucault's work is contradictory and this confuses anyone trying to analyse meaning in his writings. In The Order of Things he had looked at the way in which the human subject is defined through scientific discourse as a working, living, speaking individual (O'Leary: 2002, p. 59). However, Foucault deals with a collective and a great deal is to do with his unconscious ideas of perceptions; individuals play almost no role in his work. He is not concerned with the discoveries of scientists or other philosophers. However, it is difficult to imagine the human sciences without specific individuals. Thus, Foucault uses individuals such as Ricardo, Cuvier and Bopp in his work, however they â€Å"are not depicted as real people, no reference is made to their lives and little consideration is given to the controversies surrounding their ideas, since these issues are regarded as merely surface phenomena† (Spier: 1983, p. 166). As a result, the reliability of Foucault's work can be questioned because a crucial part of critical thinking and analysis when investigating other theorists work is their background and what may be the reasons behind their specific way of thinking. However, Foucault justifies himself explaining that he â€Å"tries to explore scientific discourse not from the point of view of the formal structures of what they are saying, but from the point of view of the rules that come into play in the very existence of such discourse† (Spier: 1983, p. 166). Spier raises an interesting critic of Foucault bringing his status as an author-subject into question. â€Å"If language rather than man speaks, as he claims, and if the statement â€Å"I am writing† is a contradiction comparable to â€Å"I am lying†, then who is the author of the order of things? (Spier: 1983, p. 167). This raises the question, is Foucault a universal voice of our time or is he merely speaking for himself. If he is speaking for himself as he suggests, then does he claim that what he is saying is a lie? Much of Foucault's work makes contradictory statements and thus is not necessarily reliable when looking for truths, instead his writing is the developing process of his thoughts and is often experimental so should be read with an open mind and thought about critically. Foucault's analyses may be regarded as a contribution to an understanding of the historical conditions of possibility of the human sciences and their social and political effects. The underlying connection within Foucault's work is the assessment of the relation between forms of rationality and forms of power, or of the relation between the emergence of particular forms of knowledge and the exercise of specific forms of power. Foucault believes that power is exercised upon the dominant as well as on the dominated and that there is a process of self-formation or auto-colonisation involved (Smart: 1983, p. 4). If we put this theory into practice within â€Å"The Crucible† one can suggest that Foucault's idea of power is quite naive. In â€Å"The Crucible† the young girls were from the dominant culture in Salem and exercised their power over the lower classes (or the dominated). However, there was no retaliation and so power was not exercised onto the girls (the dominant) in any case. Thus, Foucault theory is merely a generalisation and not appropriate as a rule on the whole. Power relations, Foucault claims are â€Å"‘intentional' and ‘non-subjective'†¦ They are imbued, through and through, with calculation: there is no power that is exercised without a series of aims and objectives† (Dreyfus & Rabinow: 1982, p. 187). This idea states that at the local level there is often a high degree of conscious decision making, planning and plotting. Foucault refers to this as the local cynicism of power (Dreyfus & Rabinow: 1982, p. 187). In â€Å"The Crucible† the young girls execute power over the village through their conscious actions to protect themselves, many were young and naive, and fear was driving them to accuse the innocent. Their actions would ultimately lead the execution of innocent and respected members of the town. Some of the elder girls such as the head Abigail knew very well of her actions and used strategically planned methods of power. The following phrase by Foucault epitomises power very accurately when in relation to these girls from â€Å"The Crucible†; â€Å"People know what they do; they frequently know why they do what they do; but don't know is what they do does† (Dreyfus & Rabinow: 1982, p. 187). This theory on power is an example of how both Foucault and Miller may have been influenced by other modernist thinkers such as Max Weber, a modernist thinker. He believed that power is the †chance of a man or a number of men to realize their own will in a social action even against the resistance of others who are participating in the action† (Max Weber, Basic Terms-The Fundamental Concepts of Sociology: 1942) In much of Foucault's writing there are seeming contradictions especially in this return to the traditional philosophic view or Enlightenment idea that description and interpretation ultimately must correspond to the way things really are. However, Foucault does admit to his somewhat unreal approach to writing. â€Å"I am fully aware that I have never written anything other than fiction. For all that, I would want to say that they were outside the truth. It seems plausible to me to make fictions work within truth, to introduce truth-effects within a fictional discourse†¦ † With this is mind one can say that Foucault's writing is still informative and helpful in its own right and reveals more about society and its practices than about ultimate reality. In The Order of Things, Foucault does describe an episteme as the combination of institutions, discourses, knowledge and practices that organise the way we do things, making some actions acceptable rather than unthinkable. In many ways Foucault's concepts of knowledge and power are contradictory to his own existing theories. While many of Foucault's ideas are parallel with Arthur Miller's film, â€Å"The Crucible†, some of his ideas reject Miller's way of thinking. This non-uniformity in Foucault's analysis can however be justified, because it is hard to believe that in any given culture and at any given moment, there is only one episteme that defines the possibility of all knowledge, power relations, the concepts of freedom and truth, whether it be in a theory or demonstrated in practice or action.